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            <gco:CharacterString>Canadian Homogenized Precipitation – Version 2 (CanHomP V2)
The CanHomP V2 datasets were developed for climate trend analysis and include long-term monthly and daily precipitation series for 425 stations across Canada (Wang et al., 2026; Wang &amp; Feng, 2026). Key improvements in Version 2 over its predecessor, CanHomPmlyV1 (Wang et al., 2023), include:
•	Expanded and improved source datasets, incorporating adjusted data from automated gauge stations and the Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow (CoCoRaHS) network (https://www.cocorahs.org/canada.aspx) for recent decades.
•	Additional quality control procedures to remove false zeros in station data records for data-sparse regions or periods.
•	Enhanced changepoint detection, including tests on both untransformed and log-transformed data, and improved methods for identifying station-joining and variance inhomogeneities.
•	Use of more complete metadata for better accuracy.
•	Improved adjustment procedures to eliminate inhomogeneity by adjusting untransformed data series.
•	Development of homogenized daily precipitation series consistent with corresponding monthly totals (Wang &amp; Feng, 2026).
Key processing steps for both V1 and V2 include:
•	Merging observations from nearby sites to create long records, primarily using updated Adjusted Daily Rainfall and Snowfall data corrected for known issues such as unrealistic snow-water equivalent conversion, gauge wetting loss, and wind-induced undercatch (Wang et al., 2017).
•	Infilling data gaps using advanced spatial modeling of available data for the gap period.
•	Comprehensive quality control of data (Cheng et al., 2024).
•	Detecting non-climatic shifts using homogeneity tests with reference and station metadata.
•	Using up to four best neighbor stations as references, along with data derived from advanced spatial modeling of adjusted precipitation (MacDonald et al., 2021) and the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CRv3) ensemble-mean series of monthly precipitation (Slivinski et al., 2019).
•	Applying Quantile-Matching (QM) adjustments without reference data to correct non-climatic changes (Wang et al., 2026; Wang et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2010).
Wang et al. (2023) also developed a dynamic QM adjustment method that uses the most strongly correlated homogeneous segment of nearby station data as a reference. They found that when station density is too low to identify suitable reference stations, adjustments without a reference could perform better than those with one, although results are similar for most stations. This approach may not be applicable to precipitation datasets with much higher station density or to variables with greater spatial coherence (e.g., surface air temperature).
The QM method adjusts the entire distribution of data in one segment to match another (Wang et al., 2026; Wang et al., 2023; Wang &amp; Feng, 2013; Wang et al., 2010), ensuring that distribution changes—including variance shifts—at identified changepoints are homogenized.
Differences from AHCCD adjusted precipitation data
•	CanHomP V2: Adjusted, gap-filled, homogenized monthly and daily precipitation data for 425 core stations for the period up to 2023.
•	AHCCD adjusted precipitation: Adjusted but unhomogenized monthly and daily precipitation data for 464 manual stations for the period up to 2012 (Mekis &amp; Vincent, 2011).

References
Wang, X. L., Feng, Y., Zwiers, F. W., &amp; Cheng, V. Y. S. (2026). Precipitation trends in version 2 of Canadian homogenized monthly precipitation dataset. Atmosphere-Ocean, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2026.2617861.
Wang, X. L., &amp; Feng, Y. (2026). Observed trends in precipitation extreme indices as inferred from a homogenized daily precipitation dataset for Canada. Weather and Climate Extremes, 51, 100860. https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S2212-0947(26)00011-3.
Wang, X.L, Y. Feng, V. Y. S. Cheng, H. Xu, 2023: Observed precipitation trends inferred from Canada’s homogenized monthly precipitation dataset, J. Clim., 36, 7957-7971. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0193.1. 
Wang, X. L., H. Xu, B. Qian, Y. Feng, E. Mekis, 2017: The adjusted daily rainfall and snowfall data for Canada. Atmos.-Ocean, 55:3, 155-168, DOI:10.1080/07055900.2017.1342163.
Cheng, V. Y. S., Wang, X.L., and Y. Feng, 2024: A quality control system for historical in situ precipitation data. Atmosphere-Ocean, 62(4), 271-287, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2024.2394836.
Wang, X. L. and Y. Feng, published online July 2013: RHtestsV4 User Manual. Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada. 28 pp. [Available online at https://github.com/ECCC-CDAS] DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17309.17125.
Wang, X. L., H. Chen, Y. Wu, Y. Feng, and Q. Pu, 2010: New techniques for detection and adjustment of shifts in daily precipitation data series. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 2416-2436. DOI: 10.1175/2010JAMC2376.1.
MacDonald, H., D. W. McKenney, X. L. Wang, J. Pedlar, P. Papadopol, K. Lawrence, M. F. Hutchinson, 2021: Spatial Models of adjusted precipitation for Canada at varying time scales. J. Appl. Meteor. And Climatol., 60, 291-304. DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0041.1.
Slivinski, L. and coauthors, 2019: Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis system. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 2876-2908, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3598. 
Mekis, E., &amp; Vincent, L. A. (2011). An overview of the second generation adjusted daily precipitation dataset for trend analysis in Canada. Atmosphere-Ocean, 49, 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2011.583910.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Données homogénéisées sur les précipitations canadiennes – Version 2 (PHomCan V2)
Les ensembles de données PHomCan V2 ont été élaborés pour l’analyse des tendances climatiques et comprennent des séries de précipitations mensuelles et quotidiennes à long terme pour 425 stations au Canada (Wang et coll., 2026; Wang &amp; Feng, 2026). Les principales améliorations apportées à la version 2 par rapport à sa version antérieure, CanHomPmlyV1 (Wang et coll., 2023), comprennent les éléments suivants :
•	ensembles de données sources étendus et améliorés, intégrant des données ajustées provenant de stations hydrométriques automatisées et du réseau Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow (CoCoCoRaHS) (https://www.cocorahs.org/canada.aspx) au cours des dernières décennies;
•	procédures supplémentaires de contrôle de la qualité pour supprimer les faux zéros dans les enregistrements de données des stations pour les régions ou périodes où les données sont limitées;
•	détection améliorée des points de changement, y compris des essais sur les données non transformées et transformées en logarithme, et méthodes améliorées pour identifier les regroupements de stations et les écarts d’inhomogénéités;
•	utilisation de métadonnées plus complètes pour une plus grande précision;
•	procédures d’ajustement améliorées pour éliminer l’inhomogénéité en ajustant les séries de données non transformées;
•	élaboration de séries homogénéisées de précipitations quotidiennes compatibles avec les totaux mensuels correspondants (Wang &amp; Feng, 2026).
Les principales étapes du traitement pour les versions 1 et 2 comprennent les éléments suivants :
•	fusion des observations de sites à proximité pour créer de longs enregistrements, principalement en utilisant des données actualisées sur les précipitations et les chutes de neige quotidiennes ajustées corrigées pour des problèmes connus comme la conversion irréaliste des équivalents en eau de la neige, la perte due au mouillage du pluviomètre et le captage réduit induit par le vent (Wang et coll., 2017);
•	écarts de données comblés à l’aide de la modélisation spatiale avancée des données disponibles pour la période d’écart;
•	contrôle complet de la qualité des données (Cheng et coll., 2024);
•	détection des changements non climatiques à l’aide d’essais d’homogénéité avec métadonnées de référence et de station;
•	utilisation de jusqu’à quatre des stations avoisinantes les plus appropriées comme référence, ainsi que des données dérivées de la modélisation spatiale avancée des précipitations ajustées (MacDonald et coll., 2021) et de la série de précipitations mensuelles du projet de réanalyse du 20e siècle (20CRV3) (Slivinski et coll., 2019);
•	application d’ajustements au moyen d’un algorithme QM (quantile-matching) sans données de référence pour corriger les changements non climatiques (Wang et coll., 2026; Wang et coll., 2023; Wang et coll., 2010).
Wang et coll., (2023) ont également élaboré une méthode d’ajustement au moyen d’un algorithme QM dynamique qui utilise comme référence le segment homogène le plus fortement corrélé des données de la station à proximité. Ils ont constaté que lorsque la densité des stations est trop faible pour identifier les stations de référence appropriées, les réglages sans référence pourraient être plus efficaces que ceux avec une telle station, bien que les résultats soient similaires pour la plupart des stations. Cette approche pourrait ne pas s’appliquer aux ensembles de données de précipitations ayant une densité de station beaucoup plus élevée ou aux variables ayant une plus grande cohérence spatiale (p. ex., la température de l’air en surface).
La méthode au moyen d’un algorithme QM ajuste la distribution entière des données d’un segment pour la faire correspondre à un autre (Wang et coll., 2026; Wang et coll., 2023; Wang et Feng, 2013; Wang et coll., 2010), en s’assurant que les changements de distribution, y compris les variations, aux points de changement identifiés sont homogénéisés.
Différences par rapport aux données de précipitations ajustées des DCCAH
•	CanHomP V2 : Données de précipitations mensuelles et quotidiennes ajustées, comblées et homogénéisées pour 425 stations principales pour la période allant jusqu’en 2023.
•	Précipitations ajustées des DCCAH : Données ajustées mais non homogénéisées sur les précipitations mensuelles et quotidiennes pour 464 stations manuelles pendant la période allant jusqu’en 2012 (Mekis et Vincent, 2011).

Références
Wang, X. L., Feng, Y., Zwiers, F. W., &amp; Cheng, V. Y. S. (2026). Precipitation trends in version 2 of Canadian homogenized monthly precipitation dataset. Atmosphere-Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2026.2617861.
Wang, X. L., &amp; Feng, Y. (2026). Observed trends in precipitation extreme indices as inferred from a homogenized daily precipitation dataset for Canada. Weather and Climate Extremes, 51, 100860. https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S2212-0947(26)00011-3.
Wang, X.L, Y. Feng, V. Y. S. Cheng, H. Xu, 2023: Observed precipitation trends inferred from Canada’s homogenized monthly precipitation dataset, J. Clim., 36, 7957-7971. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0193.1. 
Wang, X. L., H. Xu, B. Qian, Y. Feng, E. Mekis, 2017: The adjusted daily rainfall and snowfall data for Canada. Atmos.-Ocean, 55:3, 155-168, DOI:10.1080/07055900.2017.1342163.
Cheng, V. Y. S., Wang, X.L., et Y. Feng, 2024: A quality control system for historical in situ precipitation data. Atmosphere-Ocean, 62(4), 271-287, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2024.2394836.
Wang, X. L. et Y. Feng, publié en ligne en juillet 2013 : RHtestsV4 User Manual. Division de la recherche climatique, Direction des sciences et de la technologie atmosphériques, Direction générale des sciences et de la technologie, Environnement Canada. p. 28 [disponible en ligne à https://github.com/ECCC-CDAS] DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17309.17125.
Wang, X. L., H. Chen, Y. Wu, Y. Feng, et Q. Pu, 2010: New techniques for detection and adjustment of shifts in daily precipitation data series. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 2416-2436. DOI: 10.1175/2010JAMC2376.1.
MacDonald, H., D. W. McKenney, X. L. Wang, J. Pedlar, P. Papadopol, K. Lawrence, M. F. Hutchinson, 2021 : Spatial Models of adjusted precipitation for Canada at varying time scales. J. Appl. Meteor. And Climatol., 60, 291-304. DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0041.1.
Slivinski, L. et coauteurs, 2019 : Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis system. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 2876-2908, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3598. 
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                                                   codeListValue="RI_384"/>
                     </gmd:function>
                  </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
               </gmd:onLine>
               <gmd:onLine>
                  <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                     <gmd:linkage>
                        <gmd:URL>https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/data/climate/scientificknowledge/canadian-homogenized-precipitation?lang=en</gmd:URL>
                     </gmd:linkage>
                     <gmd:protocol>
                        <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
                     </gmd:protocol>
                     <gmd:name xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                        <gco:CharacterString>View ECCC Data Mart (English)</gco:CharacterString>
                        <gmd:PT_FreeText>
                           <gmd:textGroup>
                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Voir le Dépôt de données d'ECCC (Anglais)</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
                           </gmd:textGroup>
                        </gmd:PT_FreeText>
                     </gmd:name>
                     <gmd:description xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                        <gco:CharacterString>Web Service;HTML;eng</gco:CharacterString>
                        <gmd:PT_FreeText>
                           <gmd:textGroup>
                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Service Web;HTML;eng</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
                           </gmd:textGroup>
                        </gmd:PT_FreeText>
                     </gmd:description>
                     <gmd:function>
                        <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode"
                                                   codeListValue="RI_381"/>
                     </gmd:function>
                  </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
               </gmd:onLine>
               <gmd:onLine>
                  <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                     <gmd:linkage>
                        <gmd:URL>https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/data/climate/scientificknowledge/canadian-homogenized-precipitation?lang=fr</gmd:URL>
                     </gmd:linkage>
                     <gmd:protocol>
                        <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
                     </gmd:protocol>
                     <gmd:name xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                        <gco:CharacterString>View ECCC Data Mart (French)</gco:CharacterString>
                        <gmd:PT_FreeText>
                           <gmd:textGroup>
                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Voir le Dépôt de données d'ECCC (Français)</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
                           </gmd:textGroup>
                        </gmd:PT_FreeText>
                     </gmd:name>
                     <gmd:description xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                        <gco:CharacterString>Web Service;HTML;fra</gco:CharacterString>
                        <gmd:PT_FreeText>
                           <gmd:textGroup>
                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Service Web;HTML;fra</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
                           </gmd:textGroup>
                        </gmd:PT_FreeText>
                     </gmd:description>
                     <gmd:function>
                        <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode"
                                                   codeListValue="RI_384"/>
                     </gmd:function>
                  </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
               </gmd:onLine>
            </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
         </gmd:transferOptions>
      </gmd:MD_Distribution>
  </gmd:distributionInfo>
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