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The focus of this research is on changes in the distribution of killer whales in the Canadian Arctic, which is within the field of marine biogeography and marine megafauna. Our research details change in killer whale presence and ties it to changes in sea ice coverage. These are novel results, presenting trends in the arrival and departure dates of killer whales into the eastern Canadian Arctic for the first time. We go on to discuss the impacts of these changes on other aspects of Arctic ecosystems and how increasing in killer whale presence might affect other species and the management of those species in Canada. Killer whales are a widespread species of interest, especially in the Canadian Arctic as their presence is tied to multiple aspects of a region rapidly changing from the effects of climate change.
            

DESCRIPTION:
This study examines 20 years of killer whale (Orcinus orca) sightings in the eastern Canadian Arctic, drawing from a comprehensive sighting database spanning 1850-2023. Despite inherent biases favoring data collection near communities and coastal areas, spatiotemporal analyses reveal significant shifts in killer whale distribution linked to changing sea ice conditions. We developed a clustering metric representing the mean distance to the five nearest sightings and results show that killer whales are progressively moving away from historically high-use areas and that sighting locations are becoming more dispersed over time. A significant year × sea ice interaction indicates observations occur earlier during their arrival period at lower sea ice concentrations over time, suggesting that declining sea ice
concentration contributes to earlier arrival. Conversely, for departure periods, killer whales are observed farther south later in the year, likely linked to earlier freeze-up at higher latitudes, and are overall observed later into the year over time. This trend has led to a near doubling of their average presence from 26 days in 2002 to 48 days in 2023 (27 July to 13 September) reflecting an extended open-water season. These findings underscore the prolonged seasonal use of Arctic regions by killer whales, driven by diminishing sea ice and expanding openwater habitat. Such shifts highlight potential implications for Arctic marine ecosystems as killer whales increasingly overlap with endemic species.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">OBJECTIF :
Notre recherche est axée sur les changements dans la répartition de l’épaulard dans les eaux canadiennes de l’Arctique; elle fait partie du domaine de la biogéographie marine et de la mégafaune marine. Elle détaille les changements dans la présence de l’épaulard et les relie aux changements dans la couverture de glace de mer. Il s’agit de résultats nouveaux qui présentent pour la première fois les tendances liées aux dates d’arrivée et de départ de l’épaulard dans les eaux canadiennes de l’Arctique de l’Est. Nous abordons ensuite les répercussions de ces changements sur d’autres aspects des écosystèmes arctiques et la façon dont l’augmentation de la présence de l’épaulard pourrait affecter d’autres espèces et leur gestion au Canada. L’épaulard est une espèce d’intérêt dans de nombreux endroits, mais surtout dans les eaux canadiennes de l’Arctique, car sa présence est liée à de multiples aspects de cette région qui change rapidement sous l’effet des changements climatiques.
            

DESCRIPTION :
Cette étude examine 20 années de données d’observation de l’épaulard (Orcinus orca) dans les eaux canadiennes de l’Arctique de l’Est, tirées d’une base de données exhaustive sur des observations effectuées de 1850 à 2023. Malgré les biais inhérents favorisant la collecte de données à proximité des collectivités et dans les zones côtières, des analyses spatiotemporelles révèlent des changements importants dans la répartition de l’épaulard qui sont liés aux conditions changeantes de la glace de mer. Nous avons élaboré un paramètre de regroupement représentant la distance moyenne par rapport aux cinq observations les plus proches; les résultats montrent que l’épaulard s’éloigne progressivement des zones qu’il fréquentait de façon intensive par le passé et que les lieux d’observation se dispersent au fil du temps. Une interaction importante entre l’année et la glace de mer indique que les observations se produisent plus tôt pendant la période d’arrivée de l’espèce, et ce, à des concentrations plus faibles de glace de mer au fil du temps, ce qui suggère que la glace de mer en déclin contribue à une arrivée plus précoce. Inversement, pendant sa période de départ, l’épaulard est observé plus au sud plus tard dans l’année probablement en raison d’un englacement plus hâtif aux latitudes supérieures, et il est généralement observé plus tard dans l’année au fil du temps. La période de présence moyenne de l’espèce a ainsi presque doublé, passant de 26 jours en 2002 à 48 jours en 2023 (du 27 juillet au 13 septembre) en raison d’une saison des eaux libres prolongée. Ces constatations mettent en évidence l’utilisation saisonnière prolongée de régions de l’Arctique par l’épaulard, attribuable à la diminution de la glace de mer et à l’expansion de l’habitat en eau libre. Ces changements font ressortir des répercussions possibles sur les écosystèmes marins de l’Arctique, car l’aire de répartition de l’épaulard chevauche de plus en plus celles d’espèces endémiques.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>The focus of this research is on changes in the distribution of killer whales in the Canadian Arctic, which is within the field of marine biogeography and marine megafauna. Our research details change in killer whale presence and ties it to changes in sea ice coverage. These are novel results, presenting trends in the arrival and departure dates of killer whales into the eastern Canadian Arctic for the first time. We go on to discuss the impacts of these changes on other aspects of Arctic ecosystems and how increasing in killer whale presence might affect other species and the management of those species in Canada. Killer whales are a widespread species of interest, especially in the Canadian Arctic as their presence is tied to multiple aspects of a region rapidly changing from the effects of climate change.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Notre recherche est axée sur les changements dans la répartition de l’épaulard dans les eaux canadiennes de l’Arctique; elle fait partie du domaine de la biogéographie marine et de la mégafaune marine. Elle détaille les changements dans la présence de l’épaulard et les relie aux changements dans la couverture de glace de mer. Il s’agit de résultats nouveaux qui présentent pour la première fois les tendances liées aux dates d’arrivée et de départ de l’épaulard dans les eaux canadiennes de l’Arctique de l’Est. Nous abordons ensuite les répercussions de ces changements sur d’autres aspects des écosystèmes arctiques et la façon dont l’augmentation de la présence de l’épaulard pourrait affecter d’autres espèces et leur gestion au Canada. L’épaulard est une espèce d’intérêt dans de nombreux endroits, mais surtout dans les eaux canadiennes de l’Arctique, car sa présence est liée à de multiples aspects de cette région qui change rapidement sous l’effet des changements climatiques.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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