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                  <gco:CharacterString>Costa, M.; Le Baron, N.; Tenhunen, K.; Nephin, J.; Willis, P.; Mortimor, J.P.; Dudas, S.; Rubidge, E. (2019). Historical distribution of kelp forests on the coast of British Columbia: 1858 1956. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622819312160).</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Costa, M.; Le Baron, N.; Tenhunen, K.; Nephin, J.; Willis, P.; Mortimor, J.P.; Dudas, S.; Rubidge, E. (2019). Aire de répartition historique des forêts de varech sur la côte de la Colombie Britannique : 1858 1956. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622819312160).</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>This dataset is a contribution to the development of a kelp distribution vector dataset.
Bull kelp (Nereocystis leutkeana) and giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) are important canopy-forming kelp species found in marine nearshore habitats on the West coast of Canada. Often referred to as a foundation species, beds of kelp form structural underwater forests that offer habitat for fishes and invertebrates. Despite its far-ranging importance, kelp has experienced a decline in the west coast of North America. The losses have been in response to direct harvest, increase in herbivores through the removal of predators by fisheries or diseases, increase in water turbidity from shoreline development as well as sea temperature change, ocean acidification, and increased storm activates. Understanding these impacts and the level of resilience of different kelp populations requires spatiotemporal baselines of kelp distribution. 

The area covered by this dataset includes the BC coast and extends to portions of the Washington and Alaska coasts. This dataset was created using 137 British Admiralty (BA) charts, including insets, with scales ranging from 1:6,080 to 1:500,000, created between 1858 and 1956. All surveys were based on triangulation, in which a sextant or theodolite was used to determine latitude and angles, while a chronometer was used to help determine longitude.

First, each BA chart was scanned by the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) using the CHS Colortrac large format scanner, and saved as a Tagged Image Format at 200 DPI, which was deemed sufficient resolution to properly visualize all the features of interest. Subsequently, the scanned charts were imported into ESRI ArcMap and georeferenced directly to WGS84 using CHS georeferencing standards and principles (charts.gc.ca). In order to minimize error, a hierarchy of control points was used, ranging from high survey order control points to comparing conspicuous stable rock features apparent in satellite imagery. 

The georeferencing result was further validated against satellite imagery, CHS charts and fieldsheets, the CHS-Pacific High Water Line (charts.gc.ca), and adjacent and overlapping BA charts.  Finally, the kelp features were digitized, and corresponding chart information (scale, chart number, title, survey start year, survey end year, and comments) was added as attributes to each feature.  

Given the observed differences in kelp feature representation at different scales, when digitizing kelp features, polygons were used to represent the discrete observations, and as such, they represent presence of kelp and not kelp area. Polygons were created by tracing around the kelp feature, aiming to keep the outline close to the stipe and blades.

The accuracy of the location of the digitized kelp features was defined using a reliability criterion, which considers the location of the digitized kelp feature (polygon) in relation to the local depth in which the feature occurs. For this, we defined a depth threshold of 40 m to represent a low likelihood of kelp habitat in areas deeper than the threshold.
An accuracy assessment of the digitized kelp features concluded that 99% of the kelp features occurred in expected areas within a depth of less than 40 m, and only about 1% of the features occurred completely outside of this depth.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Cet ensemble de données est une contribution au développement à l’ensemble vectoriel de données sur la répartition de varech
Le néréocyste (Nereocystis leutkeana) et la laminaire géante (Macrocystis pyrifera) sont d’importantes espèces de varech formant une canopée que l’on trouve dans les habitats marins littoraux de la côte Ouest du Canada. Souvent appelés « espèces fondatrices », les lits de varech forment des forêts sous-marines structurelles qui offrent un habitat aux poissons et aux invertébrés. Malgré sa grande importance, le varech est en déclin sur la côte Ouest de l’Amérique du Nord. Ces pertes sont dues à la récolte directe, à l’augmentation du nombre d’herbivores en raison de l’élimination des prédateurs par la pêche ou les maladies, à l’augmentation de la turbidité de l’eau due au développement du littoral ainsi qu’au changement de température de la mer, à l’acidification des océans et à l’augmentation des tempêtes. Pour comprendre ces impacts et le niveau de résilience des différentes populations de varech, il convient de disposer de données de référence spatio-temporelles sur la répartition du varech.

La zone couverte par cet ensemble de données comprend la côte de la Colombie-Britannique et certaines parties des côtes de l’État de Washington et de l’Alaska. Cet ensemble de données a été élaboré à partir de 137 cartes marines (cartouches compris) de l’Amirauté britannique, dont les échelles varient de 1:6 080 à 1:500 000 et tracées entre 1858 et 1956. 

Toutes les levés se fondaient sur la triangulation : un sextant ou un théodolite a été utilisé pour déterminer la latitude et les angles, tandis qu’un chronomètre a été utilisé pour déterminer la longitude. Tout d’abord, chaque carte marine de l’Amirauté britannique a été numérisée par le Service hydrographique du Canada (SHC) à l’aide du numériseur grand format Colortrac du SHC, puis enregistrée au format de fichier d’image étiquetée à 200 ppp, une résolution jugée suffisante pour visualiser correctement toutes les caractéristiques d’intérêt. Les cartes marines numérisées ont ensuite été importées dans ESRI ArcMap et géoréférencées directement dans le système géodésique mondial de 1984 (WGS84) en utilisant les normes et principes de géoréférencement du SHC (charts.gc.ca). En vue de minimiser les erreurs, on a utilisé un hiérarchie des points de contrôle allant de « points de contrôle d’ordre supérieur de levé » à « comparaison d’entités rocheuses stables » indiquées dans les images satellite. 

Les résultats du géoréférencement ont été validés à l’aide de l’imagerie satellitaire, des cartes marines et des minutes hydrographiques du SHC, de la laisse de haute mer SHC-Pacifique (charts.gc.ca) et des cartes marines adjacentes et se chevauchant de l’Amirauté britannique. Enfin, les caractéristiques du varech ont été numérisées, et les renseignements cartographiques correspondants (échelle, numéro de carte, titre, année de début et de fin de l’enquête, et commentaires) ont été ajoutés comme paramètres à chaque caractéristique. 

Compte tenu des différences de représentation des caractéristiques du varech observées à différentes échelles, lors de la numérisation des caractéristiques du varech, des polygones ont été utilisés pour représenter les observations physiques, et à ce titre, ils représentent la présence de varech et non la surface couverte par le varech. Les polygones consistent en un traçage autour des caractéristiques du varech, au plus près du contour des stipes et des lames.

Le champ d’attribut associé à la fiabilité indique l’exactitude de l’emplacement des caractéristiques du varech numérisées. Il a été défini à l’aide d’un critère qui tient compte de l’emplacement de la caractéristique numérisée (polygone) par rapport à la profondeur locale de l’eau où cette caractéristique se manifeste.

La précision de l’emplacement des caractéristiques numérisées du varech a été définie à l’aide d’un critère de fiabilité, qui considère l’emplacement de la caractéristique numérisée du varech (polygone) par rapport à la profondeur locale de la caractéristique. Pour cela, nous avons défini un seuil de profondeur de 40 m pour représenter la faible probabilité d’habitat fait de varech dans les zones plus profondes que le seuil.
Une évaluation de la précision des caractéristiques numérisées du varech a conclu que 99 % des caractéristiques du varech se trouvaient dans les zones attendues, à moins de 40 m de profondeur, et seulement 1 % environ des caractéristiques se trouvaient complètement en dehors de cette profondeur.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>This dataset is a contribution to the development of a kelp distribution vector dataset.
Bull kelp (Nereocystis leutkeana) and giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) are important canopy-forming kelp species found in marine nearshore habitats on the West coast of Canada. Often referred to as a foundation species, beds of kelp form structural underwater forests that offer habitat for fishes and invertebrates. Despite its far-ranging importance, kelp has experienced a decline in the west coast of North America. The losses have been in response to direct harvest, increase in herbivores through the removal of predators by fisheries or diseases, increase in water turbidity from shoreline development as well as sea temperature change, ocean acidification, and increased storm activates. Understanding these impacts and the level of resilience of different kelp populations requires spatiotemporal baselines of kelp distribution.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Cet ensemble de données est une contribution au développement à l’ensemble vectoriel de données sur la répartition de varech
Le néréocyste (Nereocystis leutkeana) et la laminaire géante (Macrocystis pyrifera) sont d’importantes espèces de varech formant une canopée que l’on trouve dans les habitats marins littoraux de la côte Ouest du Canada. Souvent appelés « espèces fondatrices », les lits de varech forment des forêts sous-marines structurelles qui offrent un habitat aux poissons et aux invertébrés. Malgré sa grande importance, le varech est en déclin sur la côte Ouest de l’Amérique du Nord. Ces pertes sont dues à la récolte directe, à l’augmentation du nombre d’herbivores en raison de l’élimination des prédateurs par la pêche ou les maladies, à l’augmentation de la turbidité de l’eau due au développement du littoral ainsi qu’au changement de température de la mer, à l’acidification des océans et à l’augmentation des tempêtes. Pour comprendre ces impacts et le niveau de résilience des différentes populations de varech, il convient de disposer de données de référence spatio-temporelles sur la répartition du varech.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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