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Spatial information on ecologically important species is needed to support marine spatial planning initiatives in British Columbia’s (BC) marine environment. For data deficient taxa, such as shark species, species distribution models that integrate presence-absence data from different sources can be used to predict their coastwide distributions. Here we provide spatial estimates of the distribution of Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), Salmon Shark (Lamna ditropis), Pacific Sleeper Shark (Somniosus pacificus) and Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus). These estimates were generated using spatial generalized linear mixed effects models and are based on data from two scientific surveys and the commercial hook and line, midwater trawl and bottom trawl fisheries. For each species, we provide predicted probability of occurrence and prediction uncertainty at a 3 km resolution for the British Columbia coast, and parameter estimates for model covariates (depth, slope, year, data source). Results show variable predicted distributions across species, with Blue Shark and Pacific Sleeper Shark showing higher probability of presence along the continental slope, while Salmon Shark show low probability of occurrence coastwide and Bluntnose Sixgill Shark show the highest probability of occurrence in the Strait of Georgia. The results from this study can support ongoing marine spatial planning initiatives in the BC and support the conservation and management of these important species.

Methods:
Data Sources 
The species distribution models (SDMs) are based on data from two fishery independent scientific surveys and from the commercial hook and line fishery, which are all conducted within Canadian Pacific waters. The scientific surveys include the Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) hard bottom longline surveys and the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) fishery-independent setline survey. The study area is bound by the outer convex hull of these three data sources. Other DFO research surveys, such as the groundfish synoptic bottom trawl surveys, midwater trawl surveys and sablefish trap surveys were investigated as potential data sources, but were found to have insufficient presence observations for the species of interest to warrant their inclusion in the analysis. For more information on the details of the source data please refer to Proudfoot et al. 2024.

Modelling Approach and Comparison 
For each species, we fit a suite of generalized linear mixed effects models (GLMMs) using the sdmTMB package (Anderson et al. 2022). For each species, we fit four models, each with a different set of fixed effects/environmental predictors. Additionally, we compared the predictive power of four models for each species, with each model having a different combination of environmental predictors (i.e., slope, depth, slope + depth, none). A summary of the candidate models is provided in Table 2 of Proudfoot et al. 2024. For each species, we selected the model with the highest predictive accuracy (assessed using the predicted log likelihood based on the cross-validation) as the best fit.

Spatial Species Distribution Predictions 
We made predictions of species occurrence using the selected model and a 3 km resolution spatial prediction grid. Our predictions were made for the entire BC coast, and species distribution predictions were made using models fit to the full dataset, as opposed to models fit using cross-validation. We made predictions with year set to 2014 (the approximate midpoint of the dataset) and type set to IPHC (the dataset with the most even spatial distribution of data points).

Uncertainties:
Because limited survey and commercial catch data exists for deep areas off the continental shelf, predictions in these areas are likely more uncertain than predictions on the shelf. To illustrate this, uncertainty (standard deviation derived from the 500 simulated values from the joint precision matrix of selected models) was mapped across the full study area for each species. Additionally, because these models are based on data that likely do not span the full spatiotemporal extent of the species’ habitat (i.e., mid depths, surface waters, and data across all seasons may not be captured), these results illustrate a snapshot of occurrence but do not account for more complex migration and movement patterns undertaken by these species.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Description:
Des données spatiales sur les espèces d’importance écologique sont nécessaires pour soutenir les initiatives de planification spatiale marine (PSM) dans l’environnement marin de la Colombie-Britannique. En ce qui concerne les taxons pour lesquels les données sont insuffisantes, comme les espèces de requins, on peut utiliser les modèles de répartition des espèces qui intègrent les données sur la présence et l’absence provenant de différentes sources pour prédire leur répartition à l’échelle de la côte. Nous présentons ici des estimations spatiales de la répartition du requin bleu (Prionace glauca), de la taupe du Pacifique (Lamna ditropis), de la laimargue du Pacifique (Somniosus pacificus), et du requin griset (Hexanchus griseus). Ces estimations ont été obtenues grâce à un modèle linéaire généralisé à effets mixtes, et elles sont fondées sur des données provenant de deux relevés scientifiques et des pêches commerciales avec ligne et hameçon, au chalut pélagique et au chalut de fond. Pour chaque espèce, nous fournissons la probabilité d’occurrence prédite et l’incertitude de prédiction à une résolution de 3 km pour la côte de la Colombie-Britannique, ainsi que les estimations des paramètres pour les covariables du modèle (profondeur, pente, année et types de données). Les résultats montrent que les répartitions prédites varient d’une espèce à l’autre : le requin bleu et la laimargue du Pacifique présentent une probabilité d’occurrence plus élevée le long du talus continental, tandis que la taupe du Pacifique présentent une faible probabilité d’occurrence sur l’ensemble de la côte et le requin griset présentent la plus forte probabilité d’occurrence dans le détroit de Georgia. Les résultats de cette étude peuvent soutenir les initiatives de PSM en cours dans la région du Pacifique et favoriser la conservation et la gestion de ces espèces importantes.

Méthodes:
Sources de données
Les modèles de répartition de l'espèce (SDM) sont fondés sur les données de deux relevés scientifiques indépendants de la pêche et de la pêche commerciale à l'hameçon et à la ligne, qui sont tous effectués dans les eaux canadiennes du Pacifique. Les relevés scientifiques comprennent les relevés à la palangre à fond dur de Pêches et Océans Canada (MPO) et les relevés des limites de pêche indépendants de la Commission internationale du flétan du Pacifique (CIPH). La zone d'étude est liée par la coque convexe extérieure de ces trois sources de données. D'autres relevés de recherche de Pêches et Océans Canada, comme les relevés synoptiques au chalut de fond, les relevés au chalut en milieu d'eau et les relevés au piège de la morue charbonnière, ont été étudiés comme sources de données potentielles, mais on a constaté que les observations de présence des espèces d'intérêt étaient insuffisantes pour justifier leur inclusion dans l'analyse. Pour de plus amples renseignements sur les données sources, veuillez consulter Proudfoot et al., 2024.

Approche de modélisation et comparaison
Pour chaque espèce, nous avons ajusté une suite de modèles linéaires généralisés à effets mixtes (GLMM) à l'aide du package sdmTMB (Anderson et al., 2022). Pour chaque espèce, nous avons ajusté quatre modèles, chacun avec un ensemble différent d'effets fixes et de prédicteurs environnementaux. De plus, nous avons comparé la puissance prédictive de quatre modèles pour chaque espèce, chaque modèle ayant une combinaison différente de prédicteurs environnementaux (c.-à-d. pente, profondeur, pente + profondeur, aucun). Le tableau 2 de Proudfoot et al. 2024 présente un résumé des modèles candidats. Pour chaque espèce, nous avons choisi le modèle avec la plus grande précision prédictive (évalué à l'aide de la probabilité logarithmique prédite basée sur la validation croisée) comme étant le meilleur ajustement.

Prévisions spatiales de la répartition des espèces
Nous avons fait des prédictions de l'occurrence de l'espèce à l'aide du modèle sélectionné et d'une grille de prévision spatiale à résolution de 3 km. Nos prédictions ont été faites pour l'ensemble de la côte de la Colombie-Britannique, et les prédictions de la répartition des espèces ont été faites à l'aide de modèles ajustés à l'ensemble de données complet, plutôt que de modèles ajustés par validation croisée. Nous avons fait des prédictions avec l'année fixée à 2014 (le point médian approximatif de l'ensemble de données) et le type défini sur IPHC (l'ensemble de données avec la distribution spatiale la plus uniforme des points de données).

Incertitudes:
Étant donné qu’il existe peu de données sur les relevés et les captures commerciales dans les zones profondes au large du plateau continental, les prévisions dans ces zones sont probablement moins certaines que les prévisions sur le plateau. Pour en tenir compte, l’incertitude (écart-type dérivé des 500 valeurs simulées à partir de la matrice de précision commune des modèles sélectionnés) a été cartographiée dans l’ensemble de la zone d’étude pour chaque espèce. En outre, comme ces modèles sont fondés sur des données qui ne couvrent probablement pas toute l’étendue spatiotemporelle de l’habitat des espèces (c’est-à-dire que les profondeurs moyennes, les eaux de surface et les données de toutes les saisons peuvent ne pas être prises en compte), ces résultats correspondent à un aperçu de la présence des espèces et ne tiennent pas compte de leurs habitudes complexes de migration et de déplacement.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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