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            <gco:CharacterString>Greenland Sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) are estimated to have the highest longevity of any invertebrate (392 ± 120 years), making bycatch a significant concern (Nielsen et al. 2016). However, in the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) region, accurate estimates of bycatch are not often available for the species (Simpson et al. 2021). To address this, species distribution models (SDMs) were generated to delineate habitat suitability for the species throughout the NL region in order to identify areas where a higher rate of bycatch is expected to occur.

Observations of Greenland shark bycatch recorded by At-Sea Observers (ASOs) in NL (1983 – 2019), Spain (1999 – 2017), and by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) Secretariat (2014 – 2019) were compiled to generate a presence-only dataset. Multiple environmental variables were assessed for collinearity, and non-collinear variables (Bathymetry and mean monthly bottom temperature for March and November (1990 – 2015)) were retained for use in the SDM. MaxEnt (maximum entropy) software was used to model habitat suitability because it is a presence-only modelling program that is able to account for a lack of absence data by comparing the environmental conditions at occurrence locations to those at randomly selected background points. 

Overall, the results indicated that habitat suitability for Greenland Shark was highest in deeper waters along the shelf edge in NAFO Divisions 3OP, and the Laurentian Channel, but also extended along the edge of the Labrador shelf, the Grand Banks, and deeper areas along the continental shelf such as the Hawke Channel, Funk Island Deep, and the slopes of Saglek, Nain, and Hamilton Banks. Beyond the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) and within the NAFO regulatory area (NRA), suitable habitat was also present within the Flemish Pass, and along the slope of the Flemish Cap and shelf edge in NAFO Divisions 3NO (Simpson et al. 2021). 

More detailed information can be found in Simpson et al. 2021.

References:
Nielsen, J., R. B. Hedeholm, J. Heinemeier, P. G. Bushnell, J. S. Christiansen, J. Olsen, C. B. Ramsey, R. W. Brill, M. Simon, K. F. Steffensen, J. F. Steffensen. 2016. Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). Science 353 (6300):702-704

Simpson, M. R., Gullage, L., Konecny, C., Ollerhead, N., Treble, M.A., Nogueira, A., González-Costas, F. 2021. Spatial-temporal variation in Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) bycatch in the NAFO Regulatory Area. NAFO SCR Doc. 21/028</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">De tous les invertébrés, on estime que la laimargue atlantique (Somniosus microcephalus) est celui qui a la plus grande longévité (392 ans ± 120 ans), ce qui fait des prises accessoires de cette espèce une préoccupation importante (Nielsen et al., 2016). Cependant, dans la région de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, il arrive souvent que des estimations précises des prises accessoires ne soient pas disponibles pour cette espèce (Simpson et al. 2021). Pour remédier à la situation, on a généré un modèle de répartition de l’espèce (MRE) afin de délimiter l’habitat convenable de cette dernière dans toute la région de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador et de déterminer les zones où l’on s’attend à un taux plus élevé de prises accessoires.

On a compilé les prises accessoires de laimargue atlantique enregistrées par les observateurs en mer à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador (de 1983 à 2019) et en Espagne (de 1999 à 2017), ainsi que par le Secrétariat de l’Organisation des pêches de l’Atlantique Nord-Ouest (OPANO [de 2014 à 2019]) afin de générer un ensemble de données fondé uniquement sur la présence. La colinéarité des multiples variables environnementales a été évaluée, et les variables non colinéaires (bathymétrie et température mensuelle moyenne du fond pour mars et novembre [de 1990 à 2015]) ont été retenues pour être utilisées dans le MRE. On a utilisé le logiciel MaxEnt (entropie maximale) pour modéliser la qualité de l’habitat, car il s’agit d’un logiciel de modélisation fondée uniquement sur la présence qui peut tenir compte d’un manque de données sur l’absence en comparant les conditions environnementales des lieux d’occurrence à celles de points de référence sélectionnés au hasard.

Dans l’ensemble, les résultats indiquent que l’habitat le plus convenable pour la laimargue atlantique était les eaux plus profondes le long du bord du plateau dans les divisions 3OP de l’OPANO et dans le chenal Laurentien, mais que l’habitat était également convenable le long du bord du plateau du Labrador, des Grands Bancs et des zones plus profondes le long du plateau continental comme le chenal Hawke, la fosse de l’île Funk et les talus des bancs Saglek, Nain et Hamilton. Au-delà de la zone économique exclusive et à l’intérieur de la zone réglementée par l’OPANO, on a également constaté un habitat convenable dans la passe Flamande ainsi que le long du talus du bonnet Flamand et du bord du plateau dans les divisions 3NO de l’OPANO (Simpson et al., 2021).

On trouvera des renseignements plus détaillés dans Simpson et al., 2021.

Références:
Nielsen, J., R. B. Hedeholm, J. Heinemeier, P. G. Bushnell, J. S. Christiansen, J. Olsen, C. B. Ramsey, R. W. Brill, M. Simon, K. F. Steffensen et J. F. Steffensen (2016). « Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) », Science, 353(6300), 702-704.

Simpson, M. R., L. Gullage, C. Konecny, N. Ollerhead, M. A. Treble, A. Nogueira et F. González-Costas (2021). Spatial-temporal variation in Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) bycatch in the NAFO Regulatory Area, document 21/028 du conseil scientifique de l’OPANO.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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