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            <gco:CharacterString>This data publication contains two collections of raster maps of forest attributes across Canada, the first collection for year 2001, and the second for year 2011.  The 2001 collection is actually an improved version of an earlier set of maps produced also for year 2001 (Beaudoin et al 2014, DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0401) that is itself available through the web site “http://nfi-nfis.org”.  Each collection contains 93 maps of forest attributes: four land cover classes, 11 continuous stand-level structure variables such as age, volume, biomass and height, and 78 continuous values of percent composition for tree species or genus. The mapping was done at a spatial resolution of 250m along the MODIS grid. Briefly the method uses forest polygon information from the first version of photoplots database from Canada’s National Forest Inventory as reference data, and the non-parametric k-nearest neighbors procedure (kNN) to create the raster maps of forest attributes. The approach uses a set of 20 predictive variables that include MODIS spectral reflectance data, as well as topographic and climate data. Estimates are carried out on target pixels across all Canada treed landmass that are stratified as either forest or non-forest with 25% forest cover used as a threshold. Forest cover information was extracted from the global forest cover product of Hansen et al (2013) (DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693).  
  
The mapping methodology and resultant datasets were intended to address the discontinuities across provincial borders created by their large differences in forest inventory standards.  Analysis of residuals has failed to reveal residual discontinuities across provincial boundaries in the current raster dataset, meaning that our goal of providing discontinuity-free maps has been reached. The dataset was developed specifically to address strategic issues related to phenomena that span multiple provinces such as fire risk, insect spread and drought.  In addition, the use of the kNN approach results in the maintenance of a realistic covariance structure among the different variable maps, an important property when the data are extracted to be used in models of ecosystem processes.  For example, within each pixel, the composition values of all tree species add to 100%.  
  
* Details on the product development and validation can be found in the following publication:  
   Beaudoin, A., Bernier, P.Y., Villemaire, P., Guindon, L., Guo, X.-J. 2017. Tracking forest attributes across Canada between 2001 and 2011 using a kNN mapping approach applied to MODIS imagery, Canadian Journal of Forest Research  48: 85–93. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0184  
    
* Please cite this dataset as:   
    Beaudoin A, Bernier PY, Villemaire P, Guindon L, Guo XJ. 2017. Species composition, forest properties and land cover types across Canada’s forests at 250m resolution for 2001 and 2011.  Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Canada. https://doi.org/10.23687/ec9e2659-1c29-4ddb-87a2-6aced147a990   
  
* This dataset contains these NFI forest attributes:   
  
## LAND COVER :  
  
landbase vegetated,  
landbase non-vegetated,  
landcover treed,  
landcover non-treed  
  
## TREE STRUCTURE :  
  
total above ground biomass,  
tree branches biomass,  
tree foliage biomass,  
stem bark biomass,  
stem wood biomass,   
total dead trees biomass,  
stand age,  
crown closure,  
tree stand heigth,  
merchantable volume,  
total volume  
  
## TREE SPECIES :  
  
abies amabilis (amabilis fir),  
abies balsamea (balsam fir),  
abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir),  
abies spp. (unidentified fir),  
acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple),  
acer negundo (manitoba maple, box-elder),  
acer pensylvanicum (striped maple),  
acer rubrum (red maple),  
acer saccharinum (silver maple),  
acer saccharum (sugar maple),  
acer spicatum (mountain maple),  
acer spp. (unidentified maple),  
alnus rubra (red alder),  
alnus spp. (unidentified alder),  
arbutus menziesii (arbutus),  
betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch),  
betula papyrifera (white birch),  
betula populifolia (gray birch),  
betula spp. (unidentified birch),  
carpinus caroliniana (blue-beech),  
carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory),  
chamaecyparis nootkatensis (yellow-cedar),  
fagus grandifolia (american beech),  
fraxinus americana (white ash),  
fraxinus nigra (black ash),  
fraxinus pennsylvanica (red ash),  
juglans cinerea (butternut),  
juglans nigra (black walnut),  
juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar),  
larix laricina (tamarack),  
larix lyallii (subalpine larch),  
larix occidentalis (western larch),  
larix spp. (unidentified larch),  
malus spp. (unidentified apple),  
ostrya virginiana (ironwood, hop-hornbeam),  
picea abies (norway spruce),  
picea engelmannii (engelmann spruce),  
picea glauca (white spruce),  
picea mariana (black spruce),  
picea rubens (red spruce),  
picea sitchensis (sitka spruce),  
picea spp. (unidentified spruce),  
pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine),  
pinus banksiana (jack pine),  
pinus contorta (lodgepole pine),  
pinus monticola (western white pine),  
pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine),  
pinus resinosa (red pine),  
pinus spp. (unidentified pine),  
pinus strobus (eastern white pine),  
pinus sylvestris (scots pine),  
populus balsamifera (balsam poplar),  
populus grandidentata (largetooth aspen),  
populus spp. (unidentified poplar),  
populus tremuloides (trembling aspen),  
populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood),  
prunus pensylvanica (pin cherry),  
prunus serotina (black cherry),  
pseudotsuga menziesii (douglas-fir),  
quercus alba (white oak),  
quercus macrocarpa (bur oak),  
quercus rubra (red oak),  
quercus spp. (unidentified oak),  
salix spp. (unidentified willow),  
sorbus americana (american mountain-ash),  
thuja occidentalis (eastern white-cedar),  
thuja plicata (western redcedar),  
tilia americana (basswood),  
tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock),  
tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock),  
tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock),  
tsuga spp. (unidentified hemlock),  
ulmus americana (white elm),  
unidentified needleaf,  
unidentified broadleaf,  
broadleaf species,  
needleaf species,  
unknown species</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">Cette publication de données contient deux collections de cartes matricielles des attributs des forêts du Canada, la première pour l'année 2001 et la deuxième pour l'année 2011. La collection de 2001 est en fait une version améliorée d'une série de cartes produites par Beaudoin et al (2014, DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0401) qui est elle-même disponible sur le site Web "http://nfi-nfis.org". Chacune des deux collections contient 93 cartes d'attributs: quatre classes de couverture terrestre, 11 variables continues de «structure» des peuplements, comme l'âge, le volume, la biomasse et la hauteur, et 78 espèces ou genres d’arbres en valeur continue de composition. La cartographie a été effectuée à une résolution spatiale de 250m sur la grille de pixels MODIS. Brièvement l’approche utilise les données de polygones forestiers extraits de la première version de la base de données des « placettes photo » de l'Inventaire forestier national du Canada comme données de référence,  et la procédure non paramétrique des « k plus proches voisins » (kNN) pour créer les cartes des attributs forestiers. L'approche utilise un ensemble de 20 variables prédictives qui incluent les données de réflectance spectrale MODIS, ainsi que les données topographiques et climatiques. Les estimations sont effectuées sur des pixels cibles couvrant tout le Canada terrestre et pré-stratifiés soit comme forêt soit comme non-forêt au moyen d’un seuil de 25% de couvert forestier. Les informations sur la couverture forestière ont été extraites du produit forestier mondial de Hansen et al (2013) (DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1126 /science.1244693).  
  
La méthodologie de cartographie et les ensembles de données qui en résultent visaient à remédier aux discontinuités entre les provinces créées par leurs grandes différences de standards d’inventaires. L'analyse des résidus n'a pas révélé de discontinuités résiduelles dans notre ensemble de données matricielles, ce qui signifie que notre objectif en ce sens aura été atteint. L'ensemble de données a été élaboré spécifiquement pour aborder les questions stratégiques liées aux phénomènes qui s'étendent à plusieurs provinces, comme le risque d'incendie, la propagation des insectes et la sécheresse. De plus, l'utilisation de l'approche kNN conduit au maintien d'une structure de covariance réaliste entre les cartes des différentes variables, propriété importante lorsqu’un ensemble de ces données est utilisé dans la modélisation à grande échelle des processus écosystémiques. Par exemple, à l'intérieur de chaque pixel, les valeurs de composition de toutes les espèces d'arbres somment toujours à 100%.  
  
* Vous trouverez les détails sur le développement et la validation du produit dans la publication suivante :  
   Beaudoin, A., Bernier, P.Y., Villemaire, P., Guindon, L., Guo, X.-J. 2017. Tracking forest attributes across Canada between 2001 and 2011 using a kNN mapping approach applied to MODIS imagery, Canadian Journal of Forest Research  48: 85–93. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0184   
  
* SVP citer le jeu de données comme suit:  
    Beaudoin A, Bernier PY, Villemaire P, Guindon L, Guo XJ. 2017. Species composition, forest properties and land cover types across Canada’s forests at 250m resolution for 2001 and 2011.  Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Canada. https://doi.org/10.23687/ec9e2659-1c29-4ddb-87a2-6aced147a990   
  
* Ce jeu de données contient les attributs forestiers IFN suivants:  
  
## COUVERTURE TERRESTRE:  
  
base terrestre végétalisée, base terrestre non-végétalisée, couverture terrestre forestière, couverture terrestre non-forestière  
  
## STRUCTURE FORESTIÈRE:  
  
biomasse aérienne totale,  
biomasse raméale,  
biomasse foliaire,  
biomasse écorces,  
biomasse des troncs d'arbres,  
biomasse arbres morts,  
âge des peuplements,  
densité du couvert,  
hauteur peuplements forestiers,  
volume marchand,  
volume total  
  
## ESPÈCES FORESTIÈRES:  
  
abies amabilis (sapin gracieux),  
abies balsamea (sapin baumier),  
abies lasiocarpa (sapin subalpin),  
abies spp. (sapin non identifié),  
acer macrophyllum (érable à grandes feuilles),  
acer negundo (érable négondo, à giguère),  
acer pensylvanicum (érable de pennsylvanie),  
acer rubrum (érable rouge),  
acer saccharinum (érable argenté),  
acer saccharum (érable à sucre),  
acer spicatum (érable à épis),  
acer spp. (erable non identifié),  
alnus rubra (aulne rouge),  
alnus spp. (aulne non identifié),  
arbutus menziesii (arbousier d'amérique),  
betula alleghaniensis (bouleau jaune),  
betula papyrifera (bouleau à papier, blanc),  
betula populifolia (bouleau gris),  
betula spp. (bouleau non identifié),  
carpinus caroliniana (charme de caroline),  
carya cordiformis (caryer cordiforme),  
chamaecyparis nootkatensis (chamaecyparis jaune),  
fagus grandifolia (hêtre à grandes feuilles),  
fraxinus americana (frêne blanc),  
fraxinus nigra (frêne noir),  
fraxinus pennsylvanica (frêne rouge),  
juglans cinerea (noyer cendré),   
juglans nigra (noyer noir),  
juniperus virginiana (genévrier de virginie),  
larix laricina (mélèze laricin),  
larix lyallii (mélèze subalpin),  
larix occidentalis (mélèze de l'ouest),  
larix spp. (mélèze non identifié),  
malus spp. (pommier non identifié),  
ostrya virginiana (ostryer de virginie),  
picea abies (épicéa commun),  
picea engelmannii (épinette d'engelmann),  
picea glauca (épinette blanche),  
picea mariana (épinette noire),  
picea rubens (épinette rouge),  
picea sitchensis (épinette de sitka),  
picea spp. (épinette non identifié),  
pinus albicaulis (pin à blanche écorce),  
pinus banksiana (pin gris),  
pinus contorta (pin tordu),  
pinus monticola (pin argenté),  
pinus ponderosa (pin ponderosa),  
pinus resinosa (pin rouge),  
pinus spp. (pin non identifié),  
pinus strobus (pin blanc),  
pinus sylvestris (pin sylvestre),  
populus balsamifera (peuplier baumier),  
populus grandidentata (peuplier à grandes dents),  
populus spp. (peuplier non identifié),  
populus tremuloides (peuplier faux-tremble),  
populus trichocarpa (peuplier de l'ouest),  
prunus pensylvanica (cerisier de pennsylvanie),  
prunus serotina (cerisier tardif),  
pseudotsuga menziesii (douglas vert),  
quercus alba (chêne blanc),  
quercus macrocarpa (chêne à gros fruits),  
quercus rubra (chêne rouge),  
quercus spp. (chêne non identifié),  
salix spp. (saule non identifié),  
sorbus americana (sorbier d'amérique),  
thuja occidentalis (thuya occidental),  
thuja plicata (thuya géant),  
tilia americana (tilleul d'amérique),  
tsuga canadensis (pruche du canada),  
tsuga heterophylla (pruche de l'ouest),  
tsuga mertensiana (pruche subalpine),  
tsuga spp. (pruche non identifié),  
ulmus americana (orme d'amérique),  
conifères non identifié,  
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                        <gmd:CI_Contact>
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                              <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                                 <gmd:voice xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>1-250-363-0600</gco:CharacterString>
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                                 <gmd:facsimile gco:nilReason="missing">
                                    <gco:CharacterString/>
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                           <gmd:address>
                              <gmd:CI_Address>
                                 <gmd:deliveryPoint xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>506 West Burnside Road</gco:CharacterString>
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                                 <gmd:electronicMailAddress xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>nfisupport@nfis.org</gco:CharacterString>
                                    <gmd:PT_FreeText>
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                                          <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">nfisupport@nfis.org</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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         </gmd:distributor>
         <gmd:distributor>
            <gmd:MD_Distributor>
               <gmd:distributorContact>
                  <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
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                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">Graham Stinson</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">Gestionnaire, Inventaire forestier national</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                     <gmd:contactInfo>
                        <gmd:CI_Contact>
                           <gmd:phone>
                              <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                                 <gmd:voice xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
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                           <gmd:address>
                              <gmd:CI_Address>
                                 <gmd:deliveryPoint xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>506 Burnside Road West</gco:CharacterString>
                                    <gmd:PT_FreeText>
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                                          <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">506 Burnside Road West</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                                 <gmd:administrativeArea xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>British Columbia</gco:CharacterString>
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                                       <gmd:textGroup>
                                          <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">Colombie-Britannique</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                                 </gmd:administrativeArea>
                                 <gmd:postalCode xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>V8Z 1M5</gco:CharacterString>
                                    <gmd:PT_FreeText>
                                       <gmd:textGroup>
                                          <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra"/>
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                                 </gmd:postalCode>
                                 <gmd:country xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>Canada</gco:CharacterString>
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                                          <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">Canada</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                                 <gmd:electronicMailAddress xsi:type="gmd:PT_FreeText_PropertyType">
                                    <gco:CharacterString>nfisupport@nfis.org</gco:CharacterString>
                                    <gmd:PT_FreeText>
                                       <gmd:textGroup>
                                          <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">graham.stinson@canada.ca</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                                    </gmd:PT_FreeText>
                                 </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                              </gmd:CI_Address>
                           </gmd:address>
                           <gmd:onlineResource>
                              <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                                 <gmd:linkage>
                                    <gmd:URL>https://nfi.nfis.org</gmd:URL>
                                 </gmd:linkage>
                                 <gmd:protocol>
                                    <gco:CharacterString>http</gco:CharacterString>
                                 </gmd:protocol>
                              </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                           </gmd:onlineResource>
                        </gmd:CI_Contact>
                     </gmd:contactInfo>
                     <gmd:role>
                        <gmd:CI_RoleCode xmlns=""
                                         codeList="http://nap.geogratis.gc.ca/metadata/register/napMetadataRegister.xml#IC_90"
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                  </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
               </gmd:distributorContact>
            </gmd:MD_Distributor>
         </gmd:distributor>
         <gmd:transferOptions>
            <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
               <gmd:onLine>
                  <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                     <gmd:linkage>
                        <gmd:URL>http://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/Forests_Foret/canada-forests-attributes_attributs-forests-canada</gmd:URL>
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                        <gco:CharacterString>Canada forest attributes maps FTP download site</gco:CharacterString>
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                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">Site FTP de téléchargement des cartes d'attributs forestiers du Canada</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                              <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString xmlns="" locale="#fra">Données;TIFF;eng,fra</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                        </gmd:PT_FreeText>
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                  </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
               </gmd:onLine>
            </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
         </gmd:transferOptions>
      </gmd:MD_Distribution>
  </gmd:distributionInfo>
  <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
      <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
         <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
            <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode xmlns=""
                                             codeList="http://nap.geogratis.gc.ca/metadata/register/napMetadataRegister.xml#IC_102"
                                             codeListValue="RI_540">asNeeded; auBesoin</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
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      </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
  </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
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