Maps of the analysis of change between * [mapping of heat islands/freshness 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022) * and * [mapping of heat/freshness islands using 2013-2014 data] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014) * on all major urban centers by two methods, i.e. - The map of the __Difference between the differences of temperatures in °C (* [2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022) * minus * [2013-2014] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014)*)__), which is calculated at the pixel level and produced at the scale of the Quebec ecumene (2016 census, 2016 census, 167,764 km2). The temperature difference is the difference in temperature in the city compared to a nearby wooded area. A positive value of the difference in temperature differences represents an increase in the temperature gap in 2020-2022 compared to 2013-2014, a negative value represents a decrease in the temperature difference in 2020-2022 compared to 2013-2014. - The map of __SUHII index variation between 2020-2022 and 2013-2014 (%) __, which represents the percentage of change in the *Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity* (SUHII) index between the two years. This map covers the extent of * [2021 census population centers] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * () * (CTRPOP) with at least 1,000 inhabitants and a density of at least 400 inhabitants per km2 to which a 2 km buffer zone is added and the values are calculated at the scale of the * [dissemination island] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/db-id/db-id-fra.htm) * of Statistics Canada. The SUHII index highlights areas with higher heat island intensity, by calculating a weighted average from the temperature difference classes, giving more weight to the hottest classes. Index change values below 100% represent a decrease in the intensity of UHIs in 2020-2022 compared to 2013-2014. Values greater than 100% represent an increase in UHI intensity between 2013-2014 and 2020-2022. Values around 100% correspond to an absence of change. The temperature difference classes were produced by the k-means algorithm, which takes into account the distribution of temperature difference values in a population center in a given year. The limits of temperature difference classes may therefore differ between the two years, which will influence the variation value of the SUHII index. For more details on the creation of the various maps as well as their advantages, limitations and potential uses, consult the * [Technote] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/analyse-de-changement-ilots-chaleur-fraicheur-et-indice-intensite-ilots-chaleur-urbains/resource/021c5399-a7b3-4b02-a753-39dda706ab27) * (simplified version) and/or the * [methodological report] ( https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/analyse-de-changement-ilots-chaleur-fraicheur-et-indice-intensite-ilots-chaleur-urbains/resource/ef7e3450-9347-4051-b3bb-bedcba3c0d92) * (full version). The production of this data was coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) and carried out by the forest remote sensing laboratory of the Center for Forestry Education and Research (CERFO), funded under the * [2013-2020 Climate Change Action Plan] (https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/changementsclimatiques/plan-action.asp) * of the Quebec government entitled Le Québec en action vert 2020.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The deprivation index was designed in the late 1990s in order to measure the deprivation of Quebecers on a small geographic scale. It is used for the purposes of researching and monitoring trends on social inequalities in health, developing policies and programs, allocating resources, and evaluating services. It is composed of a material dimension and a social dimension that can be analyzed separately or in combination. The index includes six indicators, all from the 2011 census and calculated on the basis of dissemination areas (DAs). The file includes the national (province of Quebec), regional (health regions (RSS)), and local (territorial service networks (RTS), local service networks (RLS), and local community service centers (CLSCs)) versions of the deprivation index. In cases where a broadcast area (AD) straddles two territories (in the RTS, RLS and CLSC versions of the file), it is the AD with the largest proportion of the population that determines which RTS, RLS or CLSC is selected in order to have a single deprivation index value per AD for mapping. All the results by AD are available in the equivalence table on the [*Web site of the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) *] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/defavorisation/indice-de-defavorisation-materielle-et-sociale). For more information on the deprivation index, you can consult [*The Material and Social Deprivation Index: in brief*] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/publications/2639).**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The deprivation index was designed in the late 1990s in order to measure the deprivation of Quebecers on a small geographic scale. It is used for the purposes of researching and monitoring trends on social inequalities in health, developing policies and programs, allocating resources, and evaluating services. It is composed of a material dimension and a social dimension that can be analyzed separately or in combination. The index includes six indicators, all from the 2016 census and calculated on the basis of dissemination areas (DAs). The file includes the national (province of Quebec), regional (health regions (RSS)), and local (territorial service networks (RTS), local service networks (RLS), and local community service centers (CLSCs)) versions of the deprivation index. In cases where a broadcast area (AD) straddles two territories (in the RTS, RLS and CLSC versions of the file), it is the AD with the largest proportion of the population that determines which RTS, RLS or CLSC is selected in order to have a single deprivation index value per AD for mapping. All the results by AD are available in the equivalence table on the [*Web site of the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) *] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/defavorisation/indice-de-defavorisation-materielle-et-sociale). For more information on the deprivation index, you can consult [*The Material and Social Deprivation Index: in brief*] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/publications/2639).**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The data presented on this page concern the 2013-2014 mapping of temperature differences, the classification maps of these temperature differences (i.e. urban heat and freshness islands) and the map of the urban heat island intensity index. These different maps are detailed below: - The mapping of __Temperature differences in °C__ represents the temperature difference in the city compared to a nearby forest. It was produced at the scale of the Quebec ecumene (2016 census, 167,764 km2). This mapping, provided on a grid with a spatial resolution of 15 m, was carried out with a predictive machine learning model built on Landsat-8 satellite data provided by the *United States Geological Survey (USGS) * as well as from other geospatial variables such as hydrography and topography. - Mapping of classes of surface temperature differences, i.e. __Islands of urban heat and freshness (ICFU) * as well as from other geospatial variables such as hydrography and topography. - Mapping of classes of surface temperature differences, i.e. __Islands of urban heat and freshness (ICFU) __ was conducted for * [population centers from the 2021 census] ( https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * (CTRPOP) with at least 1,000 inhabitants and a density of at least 400 inhabitants per km2 to which is added a 2 km buffer zone. It thus covers all major urban centers, i.e. 14,072 km2. The method for categorizing ICFUs is the ranking of predicted temperature differences for each population center into 9 levels. Classes 8 and 9 are considered __Urban Heat Islands__ and classes 1, 2, and 3 as __Urban Freshness Islands__. The interval values for each class and population center are shown in the production metadata file. Since surface temperatures were analyzed at the Quebec ecumene scale, but the classification intervals were calculated for each population center individually, the differences in temperature grouped into the different classes vary from region to region. Thus, there are differences observed in the predicted temperature differences between North and South Quebec and according to urban realities. For example, a temperature difference of 2°C may be present in class 1 (cooler) in a population center located in southern Quebec, but may be present in class 9 (very hot) in a population center in northern Quebec. It is therefore important to interpret the identification of heat islands in relation to the relative temperature difference data produced at the Quebec ecumene scale. - The __Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII) __ map __ represents the Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII) __ represents the Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII) map __ represents the Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII) __ map. This index is calculated for each * [dissemination island] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/db-id/db-id-fra.htm) * (ID) of Statistics Canada included in the * [2021 census population centers] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * (CTRPOP) * () * (CTRPOP). It highlights areas with higher heat island intensity, by calculating a weighted average from temperature difference classes, giving more weight to the hottest classes. This weight is proportional to the class number (e.g. a class 9 surface is 9 times more important in the index than the same area with a class 1). These maps as well as those of * [2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022) * are used for the * [Analysis of change between the mapping of heat/freshness islands 2013-2014 and 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/analyse-de-changement-ilots-chaleur-fraicheur-et-indice-intensite-ilots-chaleur-urbains) *. For more details on the creation of the various maps as well as their advantages, limitations and potential uses, consult the * [Technote] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014/resource/0696b7d8-b02f-4fcf-9876-1a3cec0587cd) * (simplified version) and/or the * [methodological report] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014/resource/a33969ba-143a-4524-88c3-8ec7485676b1) * (version complete). The production of this data was coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) and carried out by the forest remote sensing laboratory of the Center for Forestry Education and Research (CERFO), funded under the * [2013-2020 Climate Change Action Plan] (https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/changementsclimatiques/plan-action.asp) * of the Quebec government entitled Le Québec en action vert 2020.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The deprivation index was designed in the late 1990s in order to measure the deprivation of Quebecers on a small geographic scale. It is used for the purposes of researching and monitoring trends on social inequalities in health, developing policies and programs, allocating resources, and evaluating services. It is composed of a material dimension and a social dimension that can be analyzed separately or in combination. The index includes six indicators, all from the 2021 census and calculated on the basis of dissemination areas (DAs). The geographic file includes the national (province of Quebec), regional (health regions (RSS)), and local (territorial service networks (RTS), local service networks (RLS) and local community service centers (CLSC)) versions of the deprivation index. In cases where a broadcast area (AD) straddles two territories (in the RTS, RLS and CLSC versions of the file), it is the AD with the largest proportion of the population that determines which RTS, RLS or CLSC is selected in order to have a single deprivation index value per AD for mapping. All results by AD are available in the equivalence table on the [Web site of the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ)] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/defavorisation/indice-de-defavorisation-materielle-et-sociale). For more information on the deprivation index, you can consult [*The Material and Social Deprivation Index: in brief*] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/publications/2639).**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The canopy is defined by the projection on the ground of the tops (crown) of trees (including leaves, branches, and trunks), which is visible from the sky. Any vegetation with a height greater than 2 m was taken into account. The mapping of the canopy was carried out using deep learning methods, based on variables (resolution of 1 m) calculated from raw airborne lidar data from 2010 to 2020. It covers the six census metropolitan areas (CMAs) of Quebec: Gatineau, Montreal, Quebec, Saguenay, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières. For more details on the creation of the map as well as the benefits, limitations, and potential uses, consult the * [Technote] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/canopee-des-six-rmr-du-quebec/resource/3d6ed9d1-5760-43f8-95ed-b391b98a30bd) * (simplified version) and/or the * [methodological report] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/canopee-des-six-rmr-du-quebec/resource/09155478-3b52-4865-bda4-3ad4189fe0a5) * (full version). The production of these data was coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) and carried out by the forest remote sensing laboratory of the Sainte-Foy Forestry Education and Research Center (CERFO). NOTE: The canopy height per pixel is available in the raster files that you can download (see the data download guide in the “Documentation” section).**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

Municipalities with established populations of _Ixodes scapularis_ ticks (blacklegged ticks) are municipalities where tick populations reproduce and survive from one year to the next. This indicator makes it possible to identify municipalities where their presence suggests a higher risk of tick bites and the transmission of diseases, such as Lyme disease, anaplasmosis or babesiosis. In other municipalities without an established population, the presence of ticks is possible, as ticks can be carried there by birds or terrestrial mammals. The data used to build this indicator come from passive and active acarological surveillance. Active and passive surveillance data were accumulated and then aggregated by municipality and by year. This made it possible to determine whether an established tick population is identified by the indicator at least 1 year over the study period. The climate zone favorable to the establishment of ticks _Ixodes scapularis_ highlights the areas where the estimated temperature would be favorable to the establishment of tick populations in Quebec. An area where the climate is favorable for the establishment of tick populations is defined by an annual number of degree-days above 0°C (DJ0). This indicator was calculated for the historical surveys 2009-2017 (current distribution) and for the horizons of 2030, 2050 and 2080 according to the climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0 (future distribution). The DJ0 are calculated by calculating the difference between the daily mean temperature and the 0°C reference temperature used in this situation, then interpolating on a 10km x 10km grid. The final DJ0 value used is the 50th percentile. For more information on municipalities with established populations of ticks _Ixodes scapularis_ or the climatic zones favorable to their establishment, you can consult the * [Methodological Report] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/publications/3483) * OR the * [INSPQ Web site, Current and future distribution maps of zoonoses in Quebec] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/zoonoses/cartes) *.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

Map illustrating the differences in relative surface temperatures for all small urban areas in Quebec. The relative temperature difference is the temperature difference in the city compared to a nearby wooded area. With a 9-level scale for classifying relative differences in temperature, this map indicates areas that are relatively cooler or warmer within urbanization perimeters. This map is complementary to the * [map of urban heat/fresh islands (ICFU)] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022) *. In fact, it covers all areas of urbanization that are not (or only partially) covered by the ICFU card. Thus, the two maps placed side by side allow a complete coverage of all population centers and urbanization perimeters in Quebec. The interval values for each class of temperature difference within the urbanization perimeters also come from the ICFU map: the classification thresholds for the temperature differences of an urbanization perimeter are reproduced from those of the ICFU map for the population center closest to the urbanization perimeter. The production of this data was carried out by the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) and was funded under the * [Plan for a Green Economy] (https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/politiques-orientations/plan-economie-verte) * of the Government of Quebec.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The data presented on this page concern the 2020-2022 mapping of temperature differences, the classification maps of these temperature differences (i.e. urban heat and freshness islands) and the map of the urban heat island intensity index. These different maps are detailed below: - The mapping of __Temperature differences in °C__ represents the temperature difference in the city compared to a nearby forest. It was produced at the scale of the ecumene of Quebec (2021 census, 185,453 km2). This mapping, provided on a grid with a spatial resolution of 15 m, was carried out with a predictive machine learning model built on Landsat-8 satellite data provided by the *United States Geological Survey (USGS) * as well as from other geospatial variables such as hydrography and topography. - Mapping of classes of surface temperature differences, i.e. __Islands of urban heat and freshness (ICFU) * as well as from other geospatial variables such as hydrography and topography. - Mapping of classes of surface temperature differences, i.e. __Islands of urban heat and freshness (ICFU) __ was conducted for * [population centers from the 2021 census] ( https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * (CTRPOP) with at least 1,000 inhabitants and a density of at least 400 inhabitants per km2 to which is added a 2 km buffer zone. It thus covers all major urban centers, i.e. 14,072 km2. The method for categorizing ICFUs is the ranking of predicted temperature differences for each population center into 9 levels. Classes 8 and 9 are considered __Urban Heat Islands__ and classes 1, 2, and 3 as __Urban Freshness Islands__. The interval values for each class and population center are shown in the production metadata file. Since surface temperatures were analyzed at the Quebec ecumene scale, but the classification intervals were calculated for each population center individually, the differences in temperature grouped into the different classes vary from region to region. Thus, there are differences observed in the predicted temperature differences between North and South Quebec and according to urban realities. For example, a temperature difference of 2°C may be present in class 1 (cooler) in a population center located in southern Quebec, but may be present in class 9 (very hot) in a population center in northern Quebec. It is therefore important to interpret the identification of heat islands in relation to the relative temperature difference data produced at the Quebec ecumene scale. In addition to this map, the map of * [Temperature variations for the urbanization perimeters of the smallest municipalities 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/variations-des-temperatures-pour-les-perimetres-d-urbanisation-des-plus-petites-municipalites) * covers all the urbanization perimeters that are not (or only partially) covered by the ICFU map. Thus, the two maps put side by side allow a complete coverage of all population centers and urbanization perimeters in Quebec. - The __Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII) __ map __ represents the *Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity* (SUHII) index __ represents the *Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity* (SUHII) index. This index is calculated for each * [dissemination island] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/db-id/db-id-fra.htm) * (ID) of Statistics Canada included in the * [2021 census population centers] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * (CTRPOP) * () * (CTRPOP). It highlights areas with higher heat island intensity, by calculating a weighted average from temperature difference classes, giving more weight to the hottest classes. This weight is proportional to the class number (e.g. a class 9 surface is 9 times more important in the index than the same area with a class 1). These maps as well as those of * [2013-2014] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014) * are used for the * [Analysis of change between the mapping of heat/freshness islands 2013-2014 and 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/analyse-de-changement-ilots-chaleur-fraicheur-et-indice-intensite-ilots-chaleur-urbains) *. For more details on the creation of the various maps as well as their advantages, limitations and potential uses, consult the * [Technote] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022/resource/285927d4-125e-443a-b5fb-e7c11515b617) * (simplified version) and/or the * [methodological report] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022/resource/ef5f91cb-f6c9-48f4-ae06-bbfb3483e06e) * (version complete). The production of this data was coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) and carried out by the forest remote sensing laboratory of the Center for Forestry Education and Research (CERFO), funded under the * [2013-2020 Climate Change Action Plan] (https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/changementsclimatiques/plan-action.asp) * of the Quebec government entitled Le Québec en action vert 2020.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The food desert is a sector offering poor access to food stores (grocery stores, supermarkets and public markets), i.e. a distribution area (AD) in which residences are located on average more than 1 kilometer from a food store in urban areas and more than 16 kilometers in rural areas, and characterized by very high material deprivation (quintile 5). Accessibility to food stores is a quantitative measure used to assess the geographic ease of access with which individuals or populations can access food stores (grocery stores, supermarkets, and public markets) from where they live. For more information on the food desert index, you can consult * [Identifying Food Deserts] (https://www.inspq.qc.ca/boite-a-outils-cooperative-alimentaire/identification-deserts) *.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**