Contained within the 5th Edition (1978 to 1995) of the National Atlas of Canada has a large that shows the extent of permafrost and abundance of ground ice; mapping units are based on physiographic regions. Point data on map give permafrost temperature and thickness for specific sites. The second, smaller, map shows the mean annual ground temperatures. Graphs show four shallow temperature profiles (to 25 metres depth), and four deep temperature profiles (to several hundred metres depth).

EMODnet Physics - Sea Surface Temperature Climatology (1900-2013) - Monthly Aggregated - GridObservation - based on the SeaDataNet aggregated dataset - DIVA software v4.6.10 - mask: relative error threshold 0.5.

Seasonal temperature climatology of the Northeast Pacific Ocean was computed from historical observations including all available conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD), bottle, expendable bathy-thermograph (XBT), and Argo data in NOAA (http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/), Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS), and Institute of Ocean Sciences archives over 1980 to 2010 period. Calculations, including smooth and interpolation, were carried out in sixty-five subregions and up to fifty-two vertical levels from surface to 5000m. Seasonal averages were computed as the median of yearly seasonal values. Spring months were defined as April to June, summer months were defined as July to September, fall months were defined as October to December, and winter months were defined as January to March. The data available here contain raster layers of seasonal temperature climatology for the Canadian Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a subset of seasonal climatology of the Northeast Pacific Ocean, in high spatial resolution of 1/300 degree.

30-year Average Maximum Temperature represents the average monthly maximum temperature calculated for a given location averaged across a 30 year period (1961-1991, 1971-2000, 1981-2010). These values are calculated across Canada in 10x10 km cells.

30-year Average Minimum Temperature is computed by summing the “average monthly minimum temperature values” at a location for a given month (January-December) over the normal period, and dividing the result by 30 (the number of instances of that month over the 30 year period). These values are calculated across Canada in 10x10 km cells.

30-year Average Mean Temperature represents the average monthly mean temperature calculated at a given location averaged across a 30 year period (1961-1991, 1971-2000, 1981-2010). These values are calculated across Canada in 10x10 km cells.

Figure 3-6. The hypothesized effects of rising mean water temperature on biodiversity (as total species number) of Arctic freshwater ecosystems. A pulsed increase in gamma biodiversity (a) results from the combination of high eurythermal invasion and establishment and low stenothermic loss with increasing water temperature. A pulsed decrease in gamma biodiversity (b) results from the combination of low eurythermal invasion and establishment and high stenothermic loss. Rapid increases (c) and slow increases (d) in species diversity occur, respectively, with high eurythermal invasion and establishment coupled with high stenothermic loss or low eurythermal invasion and establishment and low stenothermic loss as temperatures increase. For simplification, barriers to dispersal have been assumed to be limited in these models. State of the Arctic Freshwater Biodiversity Report - Chapter 3 - Page 23 - Figure 3-6

Crop/Corn Heat Units (CHU) is a temperature-based index often used by farmers and agricultural researchers to estimate whether the climate is warm enough to grow corn. Daily crop heat units are calculated from minimum and maximum temperatures with separate calculations for day and night. The daytime relationship sets the minimum at 10 C for growth up to a maximum of 30 C, beyond which growth slows. These values are calculated across Canada in 10x10 km cells.

Seasonal climatologies for temperature of the Northeast Pacific Ocean were computed to cover the period 2001 to 2020. Historical observations included all available conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD), bottle and profiling floats in the NODC World Ocean Database, Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS), Institute of Ocean Sciences Water Properties website and the Canadian Integrated Ocean Observing System (CIOOS Pacific). Interpolation was carried out in up to fifty-two vertical levels from surface to 5000m. Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) was used for spatial interpolation followed by a median filter and a 5-point smoother. Spring months were defined as April to June, summer months were defined as July to September, fall months were defined as October to December, and winter months were defined as January to March. The data available here contain raster layers of seasonal temperature climatologies for the Canadian Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a subset of seasonal climatologies of the Northeast Pacific Ocean, in high spatial resolution of 1/300 degree.

Territorial representation of day and night surface temperatures for planning, consultation and management purposes.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**