This collection is a legacy product that is no longer supported. It may not meet current government standards. Land Cover information is the result of vectorization of raster thematic data originating from classified Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 ortho-images, for agricultural and forest areas of Canada, and for Northern Territories. The forest cover was produced by the Earth Observation for Sustainable Development (EOSD) project, an initiative of the Canadian Forest Service (CFS) with the collaboration of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and in partnership with the provincial and territorial governments. The agricultural coverage is produced by the National Land and Water Information Service (NLWIS) of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). Northern Territories land cover was realized by the Canadian Centre of Remote Sensing (CCRS). Land Cover data are classified according to a harmonized legend build from the partner's legends. This legend is principally based on the legend described in following publication: EOSD publication: EOSD Land Cover Classification Legend Report, on which CFS and AAFC collaborated. Some classes related to Northern environments where added in order to meet the interpretation of the Northern land cover classification experts. Initially, Land Cover vector data are closest as possible to the source (original raster data). Slight differences can occur because the raster data goes through a data portrayal before being vectorized in order to enhance visual representation such as minimum size, smoothness of polygons and geometry.

IBL - Imagery, basemaps, and land cover (imageryBaseMapsEarthCover) Basemaps. For example, resources describing land cover, topographic maps, and classified and unclassified images

Mackenzie Valley Air Photo Digital Orthotiles

Note: To visualize the data in the viewer, zoom into the area of interest. The National Air Photo Library (NAPL) of Natural Resources Canada archives over 6 million aerial photographs covering all of Canada, some of which date back to the 1920s. This collection includes Time Series of aerial orthophoto mosaics over a selection of major cities or targeted areas that allow the observation of various changes that occur over time in those selected regions. These mosaics are disseminated through the Data Cube Platform implemented by NRCan using geospatial big data management technologies. These technologies enable the rapid and efficient visualization of high-resolution geospatial data and allow for the rapid generation of dynamically derived products. The data is available as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) for direct access and as Web Map Services (WMS) or Web Coverage Services (WCS) with a temporal dimension for consumption in Web or GIS applications. The NAPL mosaics are made from the best spatial resolution available for each time period, which means that the orthophotos composing a NAPL Time Series are not necessarily coregistrated. For this dataset, the spatial resolutions are: 100 cm for the year 1932 and 50 cm for the year 1950. The NAPL indexes and stores federal aerial photography for Canada, and maintains a comprehensive historical archive and public reference centre. The Earth Observation Data Management System (EODMS) online application allows clients to search and retrieve metadata for over 3 million out of 6 million air photos. The EODMS online application enables public and government users to search and order raw Government of Canada Earth Observation images and archived products managed by NRCan such as aerial photos and satellite imagery. To access air photos, you can visit the EODMS web site: https://eodms-sgdot.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/index-en.html

The Saskatchewan Digital Land Cover was created to be used in the interim. The National Land Cover Project plans to integrate land cover information compiled by Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. The Saskatchewan Digital Land Cover raster provides a seamless provincial coverage of the province and was created by combining the Saskatchewan Research Council's Northern Digital Land Cover (NDLC) with the Southern Digital Land Cover (SDLC).  With exception to the SDLC's value 2 (i.e. Hay Crops) and value 3 (i.e. Native Dominant Grass Lands), the NDLC takes precedence over the SDLC in areas that the two rasters overlap because the NDLC is more current than the dated SDLC. The SDLC's values 2 and 3 were preserved because these land covers are not specifically represented in the NDLC. For the purpose of this dataset, some of the SDLC and NDLC values were reclassified to new values to reconcile varying definitions.  It should also be noted that because the NDLC's 30 x 30 metre pixels do not align with the SDLC's 30 x 30 metre pixels, this raster was snapped to the NDLC. Last, as is with the SDLC and the NDLC, the extent of this raster does not extend all of the way to the Saskatchewan boundary, specifically, the Information Services Corporation's SaskGIS Provincial Boundary dataset, in numerous areas along the west, south and southeast borders: There are gaps of up to 500 m wide of "no data" between the provincial boundary and the raster along these areas of the Saskatchewan boundary. Classification Value AGRICULTURE 1 HAY CROPS 2 NATIVE DOMINANT GRASSLANDS 3 TALL SHRUBS 4 PASTURE 5 HARDWOODS (OPEN CANOPY) 6 HARDWOODS (CLOSED CANOPY) 7 JACKPINE (CLOSED CANOPY) 8 JACKPINE (OPEN CANOPY) 9 SPRUCE (CLOSED CANOPY) 10 SPRUCE (OPEN CANOPY) 11 MIXED WOODS 12 TREED ROCK 13 RECENT BURNS 14 REVEGETATING/REGENERATION BURN 15 CUTOVERS 16 WATER 17 MARSH 18 HERBACEOUS FEN 19 MUD/SAND/SALINE 20 SHRUB FEN (TREED SWAMP) 21 TREED BOG 22 OPEN BOG 23 FARMSTEAD 24 UNCLASSIFIED 25 BARREN LAND 26 MIXED SOFTWOODS (OPEN & CLOSED) 27 PASTURE UPLAND HERBACEOUS GRAMINOID 30 1. AGRICULTURE - Cropland, including all lands dedicated to the production of annual cereal, oil seed, and other specialty crops, and typically cultivated on an annual basis; and agricultural clearing areas.  2. HAY CROPS (Forage) - Alfalfa and alfalfa/tame grass mixtures.  3. NATIVE DOMINANT GRASSLANDS - Native dominant grasslands. (May contain tame grasses and herbs.)  4. TALL SHRUBS - Communities containing both low and tall shrub, snowberry, saskatoon, chokecherry, buffaloberry, and willow.  5. PASTURE (Seeded Grass Lands) - Grassland dominated by tame grass species.  6. HARDWOODS (I.E. OPEN CANOPY) - Greater than 75% hardwoods by area, including trembling aspen, white birch, balsam poplar; 10 - 55% crown closure.  7. HARDWOODS (I.E. CLOSED CANOPY) - Greater than 75% hardwoods by area, including trembling aspen, white birch, balsam poplar; Greater than 55% crown closure.  8. JACKPINE (I.E. CLOSED CANOPY) - Greater than 75% of Jack Pine by area; Greater than 55% crown closure.  9. JACKPINE (I.E. OPEN CANOPY) - Greater than 75% of Jack Pine by area; 10 - 55% crown closure.  10. SPRUCE (I.E. CLOSED CANOPY) - Greater than 75% or greater Black and White Spruce; Greater than 55% crown closure.  11. SPRUCE (I.E. OPEN CANOPY) - Greater than 75% Black and White Spruce; 10-55% crown closure.  12. MIXED WOODS - All softwood/hardwood mixtures; open and closed canopy (i.e. An area of hardwood and softwood combinations in which neither hardwood nor softwood account for greater than 75% of species by area, and where the crown closure is greater than 10%).  13. TREED ROCK - Areas of exposed bedrock with generally less then 10% tree cover.  14. RECENT BURNS - An area showing evidence of recent burning natural or prescribed and there is little to no regeneration or revegetation visible.  15. REVEGETATING/REGENERATION BURN - An area showing evidence of natural or prescribed burning and where regeneration or revegetation is visible.  16. CUTOVERS - An area of deforestation, vegetated and non-vegetated.  17. WATER - These areas include lakes, rivers, streams and reservoirs  18. MARSH - A periodically wet or continually flooded but non peat-forming area supporting grasses, sedges, and reeds.  19. HERBACEOUS FEN - A wetland area consisting of decomposing peat supporting vascular and nonvascular plants (i.e. grasses, sedges, reeds).  20. MUD/SAND/SALINE - Water saturated soil, sand containing no vegetation, and salt water.  21. SHRUB FEN (I.E. TREED SWAMP) - A wetland area consisting of decomposing peat supporting low shrubs, forbs, grass, moss, and a sparse tree cover.  22. TREED BOG - A wetland area consisting of decomposing peat moss, lichen, and shrubs, with 10% or more canopy by trees (i.e. primarily black spruce and tamarack).  23. OPEN BOG - A wetland area consisting of decomposing peat moss, lichen, and sparse tree cover.  24. FARMSTEAD - Farmsteads, towns, cities, exposed areas with little or no vegetation.  25. UNCLASSIFIED  26. BARREN LAND - Any area of exposed rock, soil, or non-vegetated land.  27. MIXED SOFTWOODS (OPEN & CLOSED) - Jack Pine/Spruce, Spruce/Jack Pine Open and Closed, an area of softwood combinations in which neither Jack Pine or Spruce account for greater than 75% of species by area, and where crown closure is greater than 10%.  30. PASTURE UPLAND HERBACEOUS GRAMINOID - Lands containing known pastures, tame or native grasses, and herbaceous vegetation. These lands may contain low-lying shrubs with less then 10% tree cover.

BTM ( Baseline Thematic Mapping) Landsat Image Catalogue Acquisition Dates. This polygon coverage contains the date of capture of the Landsat images making up the seamless BC Landsat image catalogue. This is not a multipart feature

Note: To visualize the data in the viewer, zoom into the area of interest. The National Air Photo Library (NAPL) of Natural Resources Canada archives over 6 million aerial photographs covering all of Canada, some of which date back to the 1920s. This collection includes Time Series of aerial orthophoto mosaics over a selection of major cities or targeted areas that allow the observation of various changes that occur over time in those selected regions. These mosaics are disseminated through the Data Cube Platform implemented by NRCan using geospatial big data management technologies. These technologies enable the rapid and efficient visualization of high-resolution geospatial data and allow for the rapid generation of dynamically derived products. The data is available as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) files for direct access and as Web Map Services (WMS) or Web Coverage Services (WCS) with a temporal dimension for consumption in Web or GIS applications. The NAPL mosaics are made from the best spatial resolution available for each time period, which means that the orthophotos composing a NAPL Time Series are not necessarily coregistered. For this dataset, the spatial resolutions are: 25 cm for the year 1950, 50 cm for the year 1959, 50 cm for the year 1967, 50 cm for the year 1972, 50 cm for the year 1978 and 70 cm for the year 1982. The NAPL indexes and stores federal aerial photography for Canada, and maintains a comprehensive historical archive and public reference centre. The Earth Observation Data Management System (EODMS) online application allows clients to search and retrieve metadata for over 3 million out of 6 million air photos. The EODMS online application enables public and government users to search and order raw Government of Canada Earth Observation images and archived products managed by NRCan such as aerial photos and satellite imagery. To access air photos, you can visit the EODMS web site: https://eodms-sgdot.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/index-en.html

This dataset includes the extent of the boreal forest as well as the extent of managed boreal forest worldwide. The extent of boreal forest was produced from Brandt et al. (2013) and a modified version of Goudilin (1987). Managed forest was defined as suggested by IPCC (2003) using data from FAFS (2009), Gauthier et al. (2014), See et al. (2015) and AICC maps. The extent of managed forest mostly includes areas managed for wood production, areas protected from large-scale disturbances as well as formal protected areas. Both boreal forest extent and managed boreal forest extent are available in raster and vector data. Please cite this data product as: Boucher, D., D.G. Schepaschenko, S. Gauthier, P. Bernier, T. Kuuluvainen, A. Z. Shvidenko. 2024. World boreal forest and managed boreal forest extent. DOI: 10.23687/88d70716-2600-4995-8d5f-86f96e383abf These data were presented in the following article: Gauthier, S., P. Bernier, T. Kuuluvainen, A. Z. Shvidenko, D. G. Schepaschenko. 2015. Boreal forest health and global change. Science 349:819-822. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9092 References: J. P. Brandt, M. D. Flannigan, D. G. Maynard, I. D. Thompson, W. J. A. Volney, Environ. Rev. 21, 207–226 (2013) I. S. Goudilin, Landscape map of the USSR. Legend to the landscape map of the USSR. Scale 1:2 500 000. Moscow, Ministry of Geology of the USSR (1987) [in Russian]. Inter-governmental panel on climate change (IPCC). J. Penman, M. Gytarsky, T. Hiraishi, T. Krug, D. Kruger, et al., Eds., Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry (IPCC/NGGIP/IGES, Kanawaga, 2003) Federal Agency of Forest Service (FAFS), Forest Fund of the Russian Federation (state by 1 January 2009) (Federal Agency of Forest Service, Moscow, 2009) [in Russian] S. Gauthier et al., Environ. Rev. 22, 256–285 (2014). See et al., Harnessing the power of volunteers, the internet and Google Earth to collect and validate global spatial information using Geo-Wiki. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. (2015). doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.03.002 Alaska Interagency Coordination Center (AICC). Fire Information. https://fire.ak.blm.gov/content/maps/aicc/Large%20Maps/Alaska_Fire_Management_Options.pdf (the version of 2014 was used)

The Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) has created a 30m resolution radar mosaic of Canada's landmass from the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM). This product highlights different types of radar interaction with the surface, which can assist the interpretation and study of land cover on a national scale. The national mosaic is made up of 3222 RCM images acquired between August 2023 and February 2024. (Credit: RADARSAT Constellation Mission imagery © Government of Canada [2024]. RADARSAT is an official mark of the CSA.)

This publication contains vector data (shapefile) of the post-harvest forest residues in Canada for the bioenergy/bioproducts sector in oven-dry tonnes per year (ODT/yr) over the next 20 years. The maps were produced using different remote sensing products. We used forest attribute data at 250 m MODIS for the years 2001 and 2011 (Beaudoin et al. 2014 and 2018) combined with forest cover changes for the years 1985 to 2015 contained in the CanLaD dataset at 30 m Landsat(Guindon et al. 2017 and 2018). Results of available biomass (in the form of harvest residues) were reported at the 10 km x 10 km scale, while the map of mature forests in Canada was prepared at the forest management unit (FMU) level. Briefly, our methodology consisted of three steps: 1- create a map of mature forests for the year 2011, based on 2001-2010 average cut volumes within FMUs; 2- develop an annual cut rate from the area harvested within FMUs from 1985 to 2015 and; 3- define the amount of biomass in the form of forest residues available for the bioenergy sector. The biomass of branches and leaves of forest attribute data was used as a proxy to define the biomass of forest residues available. Nationally, the average biomass of forest residues available after harvest is 26 ± 16 ODT/ha, while the total annual availability for all managed forests in Canada was 21 million ODT/yr. A scientific article gives additional details on the methodology: Barrette J, Paré D, Manka F, Guindon L, Bernier P, Titus B. 2018. Forecasting the spatial distribution of logging residues across the Canadian managed forest. Can. J. For. Res. 48: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0080 Reference for this dataset: Barrette J, Paré D, Manka F, Guindon L, Bernier P, Titus B. 2018. Maps forecasting the availability of logging residues in Canada. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Canada. https://doi.org/10.23687/5072c495-240c-42a3-ad55-c942ab37c32a